Another example for journal critique click this one http://rosamira178.blogspot.com/2015/05/journal-article-critique.html?m=1
How To Criticize Journal Article
"Ulasan Artikel"
Group: 5
Names: Low Ai Vy
Nur Athirah Binti Mohamad Roshaniza
Ros Amira Binti Mohd Sudin
Journal Title: Economic
growth and health progress in England and Wales: 160 years of a changing
relation.
Tapia
Granados, J. a. (2012). Economic growth and health progress in England and
Wales: 160 years of a changing relation. Journal of Social Science and
Medicine, 74(5), 688–695.
1.0 ARTICLE
SUMMARIZATION
Introduction
The
purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between health progress
and economic growth in England and Wales using 160 years observation during the
year 1840-2000(Tapia
Granados, 2012). The researcher used Life Expectancy at
Birth, LEB as the indicator of population health and Growth Domestic Product,
GDP and GDP Per capita as a indicator of economic growth(Tapia
Granados, 2012). LEB and mortality data were obtained from
the Human Mortality Database while GDP and GDP per capita are from Maddison (2003)(Tapia
Granados, 2012). At the first a researcher run the full data
and he found a negative relation between economic growth and health. So the
researcher runs the second regress by excludes some of the data corresponding
to war years 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 and also excludes year 1918 due to flu
pandemic (Tapia
Granados, 2012). The researcher used the Augmented Dickey
Fuller (ADF) test, Co integrating Regression Durbine Watson (CRDW) test and
Johansen test. This study found a negative relation between economic growth and
health progress which is, the lower is the rate of growth of the economy, the
greater is the annual increase in LEB and there is no long run relation (Tapia
Granados, 2012).
Data
The number of the observation
covering 160 years, which is the period in which reliable series of annual
mortality rates for England and Wales and income data (GDP and GDP per capita) for
Britain are available. LEB is the indicator of population health used in most of
the analysis in the present study, but age-specific mortality rates were also
used for some purposes. LEB and mortality data were obtained from the Human
Mortality Database while data Gross Domestic Product, GDP and GDP per capita
are from Maddison (2003).
Method
The researcher used
the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, Co integrating Regression Durbine Watson
(CRDW) test and Johansen test. The author at first converted the variables into stationary series. Transforming real
GDP into a rate of growth (first differences
of log GDP), LEB into an annual gain in LEB, and age-specific mortality into a
rate of decline (first differences of the
logarithm of mortality), mean-stationary and variance-stationary time series result for all the
transformed series, the Augmented Dickeye
Fuller (ADF) test rejects the hypothesis of a unit root at P < 0.001. Correlation and regression models between these transformed series were used to study
the relation between annual economic
growth and the annual progress in population health. Interaction models in which the annual gain in LEB was modelled as
a function of annual GDP growth, a time trend and the interaction between both
were used to test the hypothesis that the relation between economic growth and
health progress had experienced a reversal similar to the one that seems to
have occurred in Sweden (Tapia Granados & Ionides, 2008). The possibility that health progress
have effects on economic growth is explored using lag regressions in which
annual GDP growth is modelled as a function of coincidental and lagged values of
the annual LEB gain.
Result
The researcher found
that cointegrating regression Durbine Watson (CRDW) test and the Johansen test
did not provide any evidence of cointegration. The correlation between annual economic growth
and the annual gain in male or female LEB (Table 1) is strongly negative, which
is the faster the economy grew, the smaller the increase in population health.
In the 20th century
the correlation between GDP growth and gain in LEB is negative for all sub periods,
and significant at the standard levels of significance for the first half of
the century and in its two quarter centuries. According to the author the
possibility that these strong negative correlations between economic growth and
gains in LEB were driven by variations during the war years is excluded which
is excluding the data corresponding to war years (1914-1918 and 1939-1945, which
also excludes the 1918 flu pandemic). The negative correlations between gains
in LEB and economic growth are stronger for males in all 20th century sub samples,
except the one corresponding to 1950-1974. The correlations between average economic
growth and average gain in LEB in the 32 quinquennia of the period 1849-2000
again show that economic growth and gain in LEB in the same period are negatively
correlated (Table 2)
The author analyse 160
years of the entire sample in sub periods of about a half-century (Table 3, 2nd
to 4th panels), or successive periods of 30 years (Table 3, 5th to 9th panels),
it found that the negative effect of economic growth on LEB gain appears in the
20th century. For
both males and females the exclusion of the war years from the sample increases
the estimated negative effect of GDP growth on LEB gains (Table 3).
According to the author the
annual reduction in infant mortality (Table 4) seems to be unaffected by
macroeconomic fluctuations before 1900, but after 1900 GDP growth becomes
harmful for the rate of infant mortality. This is indicated by the negative
effect of GDP growth on infant mortality reduction at lag two in 1900-1949, and
at lags zero and two in 1950-1999.
2.0 STRENGTH OF THE ARTICLE
a. Clear title
The
title of this study is clear and simple “Economic
growth and health progress in England and Wales:160 years of a changing
relation” done by Tapia Granados,
(2012) is clear well define mention the purpose of authoring
was clearly show the economic growth and health variable in this study. Li & Liang,
(2010) study similar topic but difference with difference
approach “Health, education, and economic
growth in East Asia”. (Jacobsen et
al., 2014) stated a good research the title of the
research should made simple. According to (Jacobsen et
al., 2014) good title should be simple and well define.
b. Good Abstract
The
abstract of the study was made clear by Tapia Granados,
(2012) to investigate also shows how the relation between
economic growth and health progress changed in England and Wales during the
study period. The abstract wells define the purpose of study and finding time
frame of study. Similarly Li & Liang,
(2010), study health, education and economic growth show a good
abstract by clear mention the purpose of study and importance information on
the study on the abstract. But, according to (Jacobsen et
al., 2014) good abstract should not exceed 100 word. As Tapia Granados,
(2012) abstract is about 199 words and Li & Liang,
2010) is about 179 words and it shows that is more than 100
words. A good abstract uses the language
of the original paper, often in a more simplified form for the more general
reader and covers all the essential academic elements of the full-length paper,
namely the background, purpose, focus, methods, results and conclusion. Refer
to the (Fain, 1998) writing centre learning guide on writing an
abstract by the University of Adelaide, the descriptive abstract usually is
around 50 to 100 words. Descriptive abstracts are generally used for humanities
and social science papers or psychology essays. Besides that, informative
abstracts are generally used for science, engineering or psychology reports and
usually the type of abstract is about 200 words (Fain, 1998). The article was representative by a good extent the
abstract and in the correct form. Who reads it can understand the overall
purpose and method of the study. Hence, in the introduction the purpose of the
study was made clearly in Tapia Granados,
(2012) paper.
c. Good introduction
Refer
to Jacobsen et
al., (2014) a good introduction should be mention
research objective and finding together. Therefore, the reader will easily
understand what the research is about and get interesting to know how the
research conduct is. In this study by Tapia Granados,
(2012)“This article
analyses the relation between health progress, as measured by annual gains in
LEB (or declines in mortality), and economic growth-indexed by the rate of
income growth- during the years 1840-2000 in England and Wales. The main
finding is a negative relation between GDP growth and health progress.”
Besides that similarly study on health and economic growth done by Li & Liang,
(2010) the introduction in the study just mention the objective
but does not include the finding. Li & Liang,
(2010) only show the research objective as “In this paper, we study empirically the impact of human capital investment
in both health and education on economic growth in the East Asia region by
incorporating human capital in the forms of both health and education
simultaneously into a neoclassical growth model using a newly complied dataset
with health and education proxy variables which are complete and suitable to
the situation in East Asia.” In addition, a good introduction must have
problem addressed by the study. The research objective, research problem and
finding clear and well define by the Tapia Granados,
(2012) show the good extend of introduction.
d. Problem addressed by the study is clearly
and simple
In
addition, a good introduction must have problem addressed by the study. Tapia Granados,
(2012) in the first sentences of the first paragraph explain
the problem statement of study these also done similar goes to study by Li & Liang,
(2010). Therefore, the reader will be clearly what the author
going to discuss about. Tapia Granados,
(2012) well define research problem “Economic growth and health progress are major issues in discussions on
social development and public policy (Sen, 1998)’.
e. Data
In
this study the (Tapia
Granados, 2012) use the sample size is 160 years. It shows
that there are large data sample sizes and the data can use for of prediction
or forecasting purpose as good analysis should have large data sample size so
we can estimate the results accurately. Compare to the journal wrote by (Li &
Liang, 2010) which data sample size is only 47 years.
Therefore, (Tapia
Granados, 2012) with large sample size able the researcher to
do more analysis relative to small sample size.
f. Able to regress the data for the long run
In
study done by (Tapia
Granados, 2012), the long run analysis carried out to find
the long run relationship because availability of the study with large data
sample size. Compare to another study done by (Li &
Liang, 2010) use panel data so they can just test the
stage of the least square and correlation. However, (Tapia
Granados, 2012) found there is a negative relationship
between GDP growth and health progress in the long run. It shows there is no co-integration
in the long run relationship.
3.0 WEAKNESS
OF THE ARTICLE
a.
Title/Topic of the research
According
to (Jacobsen et
al., 2014) usually the top 10 journal published they will
not include the location in the research topic or title. If the research topic
has included the location, it signals that the research is replicate study with
using difference data.
b.
Did not run unrestricted Vector Error
Correction Model (VECM) test
Based
on the finding which is negative relationship between GDP growth and health
progress, it shows that there is no co-integration in the long run. In this
journal, the researcher should able to run unrestricted VECM to test to know
the short run analysis but they did not run it in this research. If in the long
run there is no co-integration, we can click unrestricted error correlation
model and then can run VECM to observe the short run relationship.
c.
Not clearly mention ADF test
The
researcher Tapia Granados,
(2012) not clearly shown the tabulated result of ADF test.
Although, there have mention about unit root test but the result of the unit
root test did not shown in tabulated table in the study.
d.
Causality test
The
idea of Granger-causality is that a variable X Granger-causes variable Y if
variable Y can be better predicted using the histories of both X and Y than it
can be predicted using the history of Y alone. This is shown if the expectation
of Y given the history of X is different from the unconditional expectation of
Y. In this journal, causality test is to see how healthcare effect GDP growth
and how GDP effect healthcare. The result of this journal just shows how health
progress effect GDP growth only which means the lower is the rate of growth of
the economy, the greater is the annual increase in LEB for both males and
females. Therefore, the result of this study is not same as the previous study.
For example, Harvey Brenner (1983) recessions caused increases in both infant
and adult mortality in Britain and other countries. Brenner (2005), economic
growth has been the central factor in mortality rate decline in the US over the
20th century (Positive relationship). It shows that the result of this study is
not support the theory of health and economy growth. Next, based on Mankiew’s
study evaluates the efficiency of wages system by correlating it with nutrition
food consuming and firm productivity performance. High wage rates is not only
can increase worker’s motivation, but also increase their ability to add their needs
for nutrition food. This is not only affect workers health condition, but also
towards firm productivity. Increasing in firm productivity for long term can
contribute to the economic growth.
e.
The use of the GDP as the only indicator of
macroeconomic change
In
recent investigations (Gerdtham & Ruhm, 2006; Ruhm, 2000; Tapia Granados
& Ionides, 2011) and old studies (Eyer, 1977) unemployment rates or other
non-monetary business cycle indicators were more efficient than GDP to reveal
the association of mortality changes with the fluctuations of the economy.
Using the unemployment rates Miller, Page, Stevens, and Filipski (2009) have
recently concluded the procyclical fluctuation of mortality in the United
States affects particularly to the elderly.
f.
The results is not well explain when the
researcher found there is negative relationship between GDP growth and health
progress
Based
on the stylized fact of the most research paper, the relationship between the
economic growth and health are positive. It mean when the higher the health
expenditure, the higher of the GDP growth. According to this journal result
there are not well explain regarding the negative relationship, which is that “the possibility that these strong negative
correlations between economic growth and gains in LEB were driven by variations
during the war years is excluded by the fact that the correlation is greater in
absolute value when computed excluding the data corresponding to war years
(1914-1918 and 1939-1945, which also excludes the 1918 flu pandemic)”.
Therefore, it shows that the researcher also don’t know exactly of this
research result but just estimate it. Normally in the research we can’t simply
take out certain period data because it will become bias analyse. For example,
in this research we take out of the certain period data and it will make our
result become strongly negative but if we did not take out the certain period
data the result will show negative relationship between GDP growth and health
progress.
4.0
RECOMMENDATION
Overall this study
is concerned about the relationship between health progress and economic
growth. In this study indicate the journal have a proper title. A good journal
should also have a simple title. According to Ben Jacobsen (2014), the top 10
published journal were not including the location in the research title. So, the
author should not include the location in the title of the journal. This would
indicate this journal is replicate. The journal also has a good introduction. This
is because there are mention of the objectives and also the results of the
study, same to the abstract too. The study would be benefit from being
conducted over a longer period of time and with a larger sample of population.
This is because in this journal, the sample size is
160 years. It shows that there are large data sample sizes and the data is
normally distributed. In this study, the authors conducted a long-run
test, but he did not do the test in the short-run. The authors should do short-run
test using unrestricted error correction model. It should be included in the
journal. The author also should mention clearly the ADF test result. This is
because in this journal, the author did mention about unit root test but he
didn’t show the result from ADF test. The journal also just uses GDP as the
only dependent variables to measure changes in the macroeconomic. In previous
studies show (Eyer, 1977) unemployment rates or other non-monetary business
cycle indicators were more efficient than GDP to reveal the association of
mortality changes with the fluctuations of the economy. In addition, the author
should run the causality test. This is because in this study the author only
focusing on the one way causality. But in the previous studies shows there are two
ways causality relationship, which are healthcare can effect economic growth
and also economic growth can affect health care. The authors in this study not
describe in detail the negative relationship between economic growth and the
birth of life expectancy. Author only estimate the relationship between
economic growth and LEB.
Researchers should refrain from making statements based on estimates only. The
author should explain the reason why the result is negative relationship
between GDP growth and health progress. Finally, the author should not exclude
the data. He can use dummy, which is the dummy can indicate the structural
change of data before and after crisis.
References
Fain, J. a. (1998). Writing an
Abstract. The Diabetes Educator, 24(3), 353–356.
http://doi.org/10.1177/014572179802400310
Jacobsen, B., Acknowledgements, I.,
Bhattacharya, U., Danbolt, J., Geertsema, P., Hancock, S., … Rees, B. (2014).
Some Research and Writing Tips, 1–26.
Li, H., & Liang, H. (2010). Health,
education, and economic growth in East Asia. Journal of Chinese Economic and
Foreign Trade Studies, 3(2), 110–131.
http://doi.org/10.1108/17544401011052267
Tapia Granados, J. a. (2012). Economic
growth and health progress in England and Wales: 160 years of a changing
relation. Social Science and Medicine, 74(5), 688–695.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.019
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